{"id":9757,"date":"2021-03-02T10:29:09","date_gmt":"2021-03-02T18:29:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/?page_id=9757"},"modified":"2023-09-25T16:28:28","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T16:28:28","slug":"tohoku-test-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/?page_id=9757","title":{"rendered":"T\u014dhoku-oki Earthquake and Tsunami"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><strong>T\u014dhoku-oki Earthquake and Tsunami, March 11, 2011<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>Tohoku Remembrance TelePortal<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/d230982eb75940ee97aee715057072f1\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/earthquakes\/20110311_tohoku_oki\/teleportal_placeholder_graphic.png\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The California Tsunami Program supports efforts to increase the resilience to tsunami statewide.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a poster dedicated to the impacts of the T\u014dhoku tsunami to the coast of California:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/earthquakes\/20110311_tohoku_oki\/tohoku_poster.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/earthquakes\/20110311_tohoku_oki\/tohoku_poster.jpg\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>Earthquake in Japan<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/header_earthquake_japan.png\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>On 11 March 2011 a magnitude <a href=\"https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/eventpage\/official20110311054624120_30\/executive\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">M9.1 Great subduction zone megathrust earthquake<\/a> occurred offshore of eastern Japan.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iris.edu\/hq\/inclass\/animation\/subduction_zone_tsunamis_generated_by_megathrust_earthquakes\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">subduction zone<\/a> is a convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate dives beneath a continental plate.<\/p>\n<p>Here in eastern Japan, the deep-sea Japan Trench is formed by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North America (or Okhotsk) plate.<\/p>\n<p>Over a period of several minutes, the fault slipped over 50 meters (165 feet) causing strong ground shaking and triggering landslides, liquefaction, and tsunami waves.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<strong>The interactive map below shows:<\/strong><\/p>\n<li>earthquake epicenters for large magnitude historic events of the past century<\/li>\n<li>epicenters for all aftershocks and triggered earthquakes for a year after the M9.1<\/li>\n<li>an outline of the aftershocks, which is a proxy for visualizing the area of the fault that slipped during the M9.1 earthquake<\/li>\n<p>Zoom and click around to see the magnitudes of different earthquakes.\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" align=\"middle\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cadoc.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/View\/index.html?appid=76ce5aeec95347bfae35b34a49e33f12\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/natural-hazards\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/earthquake-magnitude-energy-release-and-shaking-intensity?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake intensity<\/a> is a measure of how strongly earthquake shaking is felt by people and objects.<br \/>\nThe further away from the epicenter, the lower the earthquake intensity is.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americangeosciences.org\/education\/k5geosource\/careers\/seismologist\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Seismologists<\/a> use computer models to estimate what the intensity will be from an earthquake and these data are plotted on maps using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca\/info-gen\/scales-echelles\/mercalli-en.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey uses their <a href=\"https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/data\/dyfi\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cDid You Feel It?\u201d<\/a> system to collect observations from people about how strongly they felt an earthquake.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The interactive map below<\/strong> displays the USGS intensity model for the M9.1 earthquake as transparent colors.<\/p>\n<p>The map also shows, as colored circles, the \u201cDid You Feel It?\u201d report results from people who experienced shaking from this earthquake.<\/p>\n<p>Zoom and click around to see the level of intensity people felt.<\/p>\n<p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" align=\"center\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cadoc.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/View\/index.html?appid=d435864f2a044edfbc906cf693a57ee9\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\nEarthquakes can and do trigger landslides and liquefaction as seismic waves change the physical properties of materials as they travel through the Earth.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\/landslides\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Landslide<\/a> is caused when the strength of the hillslope materials (\u201cresisting\u201d force) is overcome by the forces from gravity and earthquake shaking (\u201cdriving\u201d force).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/landslide_force_balance.jpg\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_liquefaction\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Liquefaction<\/a> happens when there are changes in water pressure within the spaces (pores) between sediment particles.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/liquefaction_pore_space.jpg\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/data\/ground-failure\/background.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">USGS uses computer models<\/a> to estimate the chance that an area may have triggered landslides or induced liquefaction.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">California Geological Survey<\/a> uses similar models to delineate areas prone to ground failure and other earthquake related hazards as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\/shp\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Hazards Program<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Swipe Map below<\/strong> shows the USGS model for the potential of earthquake triggered landslides on the left and the chance for earthquake induced liquefaction on the right.<\/p>\n<p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" align=\"center\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cadoc.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/StorytellingSwipe\/index.html?appid=5bb46ad476a04fcaa267963daf137c41\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\nAdditional Resources:<\/p>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/learningfromearthquakes.org\/2011-03-11-tohoku-japan\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Learning From Earthquakes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthscope.org\/about\/archived_events\/m9.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">earthscope<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>Tsunami in Japan<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/header_tsunami_japan.png\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Tsunami are typically caused by changes in the shape of the seafloor by earthquakes or landslides, though can also be caused by bolides (e.g. meteors) or meteorological affects.<\/p>\n<p>During the M9.1 T\u014dhoku-oki earthquake, hundreds of square kilometers of seafloor were uplifted, displacing the overlying seawater.<\/p>\n<p>This displaced seawater generated large tsunami waves that radiated outwards away from the earthquake source.<\/p>\n<p>These tsunami waves traveled towards the coastline of Japan and across the Pacific Basin to have a significant impact upon coastal communities.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8vZR0Rq1Rfw?start=93&#038;end=210\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\nThe tsunami waves reached heights of almost 40 meters (130 feet) along the coast of Japan and caused over 18,000 fatalities.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<p><strong>This interactive map below shows two sets of data. <\/strong><\/p>\n<li>tsunami size as recorded on tide gages and DART Buoys<\/li>\n<li>tsunami size as observed by people during or after the tsunami<\/li>\n<p>Zoom and click around to see the observations of the Tohoku-oki tsunami. Click on a colored bar to see more information.\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" align=\"center\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cadoc.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/View\/index.html?appid=90cf3023d65848c994fbe004066692c9\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>Tsunami in California<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/header_tsunami_california.png\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The tsunami waves that were sourced offshore of Japan travelled across the ocean to impact many coastal communities in California 10-12 hours after the earthquake.<\/p>\n<p>The federal, state, and local emergency response programs used standard protocol to enact tsunami wave forecasts, public notifications, and evacuation activities.<\/p>\n<p>The waves, recorded by buoys (part of the DART system) and tide gages, helped calibrate the wave forecasts, notifications, and evacuation levels.<\/p>\n<p>In California alone, there was well over $100 million (USD) in damage to coastal infrastructure, primarily in harbors and ports.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p9DN5DURvyA?start=230&#038;end=300\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<strong>The interactive map below<\/strong> can be used to see tsunami waves as recorded by tide gages across the state.<\/p>\n<p>Zoom and click around to see these records.<\/p>\n<p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" align=\"center\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cadoc.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/View\/index.html?appid=cdb3054d7f86454ba127aef68e33d80b\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>As part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\/tsunami\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">California Geological Survey Tsunami Program<\/a>, when tsunami or coastal flood events occur or are forecast to occur, field teams are deployed to record information from perishable evidence.<\/p>\n<p>CGS sent staff to make direct observations of the tsunami as it reached coastal sites.<\/p>\n<p>Following the T\u014dhoku tsunami event, CGS helped organize multi-organizational field teams to collect additional information about the spatial extent and magnitude of the effects from the tsunami.<\/p>\n<p>This Coastal Event Response program has been modernized to include digital forms of data collection and web interfaces to share these data in real time.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Case Study \u2013 Crescent City<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The most severe impact in the state occurred within the small-boat basin at Crescent City Harbor.<\/p>\n<p>Tide gage records show a tsunami maximum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wave_height\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">amplitude<\/a> of about 2.5 meters (8 feet), which happened at low tide which minimized the extent of flooding on land.<\/p>\n<p>16 boats sank and 47 others were damaged.<\/p>\n<p>Strong currents peaking at 9 knots, coupled with large sea-level oscillations, caused $28 million (USD) in damage to boats and infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>Dredging and repairs to the harbor lasted well over a year, but these repairs were made to harden the structures in the harbor, to prevent damage at this scale in the future.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_vvYaQ-BWtg\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Case Study \u2013 Santa Cruz<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Based on analysis of videos of the tsunami in the Santa Cruz Harbor, the tsunami wave amplitude was between 1.5 and 2 meters (5 to 6.5 feet).<\/p>\n<p>Using video velocity calculations, speeds of up to about 15 knots were experienced in the Harbor.<\/p>\n<p>14 boats sank and many others were damaged.<\/p>\n<p>23 of the 29 docks sustained significant damage leading to about $28 million (USD) in damage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of statewide damage from T\u014dhoku<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/observations_tsunami_california_20110311_table.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/observations_tsunami_california_20110311_table.jpg\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>Trans-Pacific Relationships<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/header_kamome.png\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Following the tsunami in Japan, debris and material washed out to sea often traveled across the Pacific to find a new home along the beaches of the western U.S.<\/p>\n<p>One of these travelers was a boat that found its way to the coast near Crescent City, California in April 2013.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Lori Dengler, Troy Nicolini, and Vicki Osaki (members of the <a href=\"https:\/\/rctwg.humboldt.edu\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Coast Tsunami Workgroup<\/a>) traveled to Crescent City to investigate this discovery.<\/p>\n<p>A little sleuthing by Dr. Dengler to locate the owners of the boat in Japan led to an enduring international relationship between now sister cities of Rikuzentakata and Crescent City.<\/p>\n<p>Dengler formed a team with Amya Miller (at the time, Special Assistant to the Mayor of Rikuzentakata) and Amy Uyeki (an artist from Arcata, CA) to develop a children\u2019s book.<\/p>\n<p>This story book was also turned into a video story which one can view here:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"vimeo-player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/387026461\" width=\"100%\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><font color=orange><strong>California Geological Survey Tsunami Program<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/earthjay.com\/tsunami\/tohoku\/images\/DOC_CGS_tsunami_horizontal_dark_blue_letters_20201027.jpg\" width=\"100%\"  alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\/tsunami\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>California Geological Survey Tsunami Unit<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Preparation:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservation.ca.gov\/cgs\/tsunami\/maps\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tsunami Hazard Area Maps and Data<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Response:<\/strong> Tsunami and Coastal Flood Event Response Program<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recovery:<\/strong> CGS is working with partners to develop a tsunami recovery and debris guidance documents for coastal communities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mitigation:<\/strong> CGS has prepared Harbor Improvement Reports so that maritime infrastructure can be designed with tsunami hazard mitigation in mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"entry-summary\">\nT\u014dhoku-oki Earthquake and Tsunami, March 11, 2011 Tohoku Remembrance TelePortal The California Tsunami Program supports efforts to increase the resilience to tsunami statewide. Here is a poster dedicated to the impacts of the T\u014dhoku tsunami to the coast of California:&hellip;\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/?page_id=9757\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;T\u014dhoku-oki Earthquake and Tsunami&rdquo;<\/span>&hellip;<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9758,"parent":960,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9757"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9757"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11417,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9757\/revisions\/11417"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/960"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthjay.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}